Prince William was joined by stars including Emma Watson, Dame Emma Thompson and David Oyelowo for the ceremony at Alexandra Palace.
Ed Sheeran, Coldplay and KSI were among the acts that performed - and in keeping with the eco message, the music was powered by 60 cyclists pedaling on bikes.
No celebrities flew to London for the ceremony, no plastic was used to build the stage and guests were asked to "consider the environment" when choosing an outfit - with Watson wearing a dress made from 10 different dresses from Oxfam.
The Earthshot prize's name is a reference to the "Moonshot" ambition of 1960s America, which saw then-President John F Kennedy pledge to get a man on the Moon within a decade.
Each year for the next decade, the prize is awarding £1m each to five projects that are working to find solutions to the planet's environmental problems.
The winners
Protect and Restore Nature:
- The Republic of Costa Rica: Costa Rica was a country that once cleared most of its forests, but it has now doubled the number of trees and is seen as a role model for others to follow. The winning project is a scheme paying local citizens to restore natural ecosystems that has led to a revival of the rainforest
- Takachar, India: A portable machine created to turn agricultural waste into fertilizer so that farmers do not burn their fields and cause air pollution
- Coral Vita, Bahamas: A project run by two best friends who are growing coral in the Bahamas, designed to restore the world's dying coral reefs. Using special tanks, they have developed a way to grow coral up to 50 times faster than they normally take in nature
Build a Waste-Free World:
- The City of Milan Food Waste Hubs, Italy: Another challenge is waste - and the city of Milan in Italy wins a prize for collecting unused food and giving it to people who need it most. The initiative has dramatically cut waste while tackling hunger
- AEM Electrolyser, Thailand/Germany/Italy: A clever design in Thailand using renewable energy to make hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is a clean gas but it is usually produced by burning fossil fuels
In a recorded message played at the ceremony - which was broadcast on BBC One and iPlayer at 20:00 BST - Prince William said the next 10 years was a "decisive decade" for the planet.
"Time is running out," he said. "A decade doesn't seem long enough, but humankind has an outstanding record of being able to solve the unsolvable."
Earlier this week, the duke suggested that rather than the world's top minds setting their sights on space tourism, they should instead focus on saving Earth.
With stars from the worlds of football and music arriving on a green carpet, the message was that environmental challenges deserve the same kind of attention as the Oscars.
And the winning teams were obviously thrilled to get such high-profile recognition.
The test now is whether their projects will be scaled up in a way that makes a difference worldwide.
Whether it's restoring corals and forests or reducing waste and carbon emissions, the plan is for big name companies to support these mostly small-scale schemes and help them to become global.
It may well be years before we see how well that works out in practice, and inevitably some projects may prove more effective than others.
In any event, in the countdown to the vital Cop26 climate summit in Glasgow from 31st October to 12th November, the winners offer something that's been in short supply recently: a sense of optimism.
Among the celebrities at Sunday night's ceremony was Love Actually actress Dame Emma, who criticised throwaway culture as she made her way to the event.
"If we had shown my parents how people live (today) how they will wander down the streets and coffee cup, immediately throw it away, eat, throw away, everything throwaway, they would've gone, 'What's going on?'" said Dame Emma.
